Assessment of ADHD - Free Essay Example

Each case presented with symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) comes with its own set of circumstances. Not unlike any other diagnosis, each presenting individual will have issues that sets them apart from the others, thereby requiring clinicians to act not on memory of certain methods but the knowledge of resources they have available. For this reason, over the years there have been innovations of assessment tools designed to help clinicians determine how closely these individuals align with the ADHD diagnosis. Ranging from checklists to clinical interviews, there are many options clinicians can choose from when forming their diagnostic impression. This paper will seek to determine the tools that have been used in the past as well as which ones are currently being used, along with their levels of efficacy in distinguishing ADHD symptomology; using the Connners, Child Behavior Checklist, Behavior Assessment System for Children, and an objective testing tool (Qbtest). History of Assessment In the 1980s there was a surge of research regarding ADHD and its diagnosis. The need at this time was to clarify specificity over which symptoms were truly being assessed within assessments such as the Conners 10-Item Hyperactivity List (Barkley, 2006). The Conners assessment consisted of two rating scales for teacher as well as two rating scales for parents. The rating scales used a 4-point scale of: Not at all, just a little, pretty much, and very much. This assessment was one of main tools being used to identify potential ADHD cases, possibly in cases involving people of color and young girls but was normed for a mostly white male population. In addition, the Conners scale was normed for children ranging between the ages of 3 and 14, potentially excluding adolescents who may have fit the criteria for ADHD. Another critique of this tool would be the subjectivity of the assessment itself. The parent/teacher scales require observations from each individual that may not match up to o ne another. In fact, the interrater reliability for parent-teacher comparisons were the lowest of the measures of reliability. Later on, it would be found that the assessment was in fact determining aggressive symptoms as opposed to symptoms of hyperactivity. Because of this, new criteria emerged requiring individuals who were selected for ADHD research to meet: (1) problems with activity and attention reported by adults in at least two different settings such as home and school, (2) confirmation of three out of four difficulties with activity as well as attention, (3) symptoms began before the age of 7, (4) has been occurring for at least 2 years, (5) significant scores on parent and teacher reports, and (6) differentiated from autism or other psychosis (Barkley, 2006). Though that process is still being perfected and developed by clinicians, this step would lead to differentiations between ADD, ADHD, and eventually ODD. Of course, along with research came new assessments built off the old. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) became one of the more prominent assessment tools in the 80s (Barkley, 2006). Compared to the Conners rating scales as mentioned previously, the CBCL was regarded as a better alternative to the Conners assessments because of its rigorous development and more comprehensive evaluation of the ADHD symptomology.

Corporate Social Responsibility - 2898 Words

VIEWS AGAINST THE NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICAL SHAREHOLDER APPROACH SWAPNA NANDHAKUMAR G20613641 INTRODUCTION Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), defined as â€Å"the broad array of strategies and operating practices that a company develops in its effects to deal with and create relationships with it numerous stakeholders and the natural environment† (Waddock, 2004). Globalization and liberalization has reinforced with the introduction of corporate social responsibility, Developing countries need to focus more about the corporate social responsibility planning and implementation process (Kiran and Sharma, 2011). Corporate social responsibility is one of the most important issues and developments of 21st century†¦show more content†¦Organization should be planned in a way to react to its external environment in appropriate way. Herzberg’s two factor theory (1959) states for an organization hygiene factor and motivation are important for an employees working condition inside an organization. Socially responsible image is not just used to polish the image of an organiz ation it is also a way of motivation factor; there are possibilities that employees find satisfaction in their work under such circumstances (Ruschak, 2008). Based on the consistency theory any organization needs to give equal importance to the corporate social responsibility to be incorporated in their firm, as it is one way to satisfy the employers in their work place and provide motivation toward achieving the goals of the organization. THEORY OF CONTINGENCY Everything in an organization depends on situations and environment plays an important role as it influence everything also the performance has to be based on the situation there is no specific behavior to be applied in all situation (Galbraith, 1973). Dictionary of human resource management (2001) the contingency theory suggests effectiveness of an organization is based on the factors taken into accountShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility773 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve spending finances that do not directly benefit the company but rather advocate positive social and environmental change. The soul in the next economy forum presentation made it evident that achieving corporate social responsibly in a company can reap major benefits in terms of finances, more inspiring workplace and customer satisfaction. In the past, companies mistakenly thought that corporate socialRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1990 Words   |  8 PagesCorporate social responsibility is becoming a key initiative and an essential tool in the growth of multinational corporations and the development of third world countries throughout the globe. The two concepts can work hand in hand to provide benefits for all; however difficulties in regulating and implementing corporate social responsibility need to be overcome before effective changes can be made. Definitions of corporate social responsibility can be somewhat varied depending on the perceptionRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1904 Words   |  8 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility The different aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have been the topic of considerable debate since the last decades of the twentieth century. Main factor for the increased interest on the part of stakeholders in this topic are the increased public awareness and interest in the corporate social responsibility following the Information Revolution. This essay will assess the dangers and benefits of the business ethics for most of the stakeholders – employeesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2819 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction For the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thought of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got toRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibilities2100 Words   |  9 PagesSustainability requires monitoring and managing all the person to ensure that our economy and society can continue to exist without destroying the social and natural environment during development. The sustainability includes three pillars, which are economic, social and environment, forming a triple bottom line. The triple bottom line demands that a company s responsibility lies with stakeholder rather than shareholder. The stake holder is a party who can be affected or affect by the action of the company suchRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility15903 Words   |  64 PagesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) is a term describing a company’s obligation to be accountable to all of its stakeholder in all its operation and activities. Socially responsible companies consider the full scope of their impact on communities and the environment when making decisions, balancing the needs of stakeholder with their need to make profit. A company’s stakeholders are all those who are influenced by and can influence a company’s decisions and action, both locally and globally. BusinessRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility3253 Words   |  14 PagesLiving Dangerously in Two Worlds In my paper I will be discussing the topics related to corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility (CSR, also called corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, and responsible business) is a concept whereby organizations consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities and other stakeholders, as well as the environment. This obligationRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2819 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction For the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thought of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got toRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2818 Words   |  12 PagesFor the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thou ght of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got to be worryRead MoreCorporate Responsibility And Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1867 Words   |  8 PagesStevan Jakovljevic Professor Laud MGT 3550 Values, Ethics and Sustainability 10/18/16 Chapter 3: Define corporate responsibility (CSR). Describe the benefits. Why do some executives support CSR while others find it troublesome and argue against it? Corporate social responsibility is what a company uses to self-regulate itself and refers to business practices involving initiatives that benefit society. A business’s CSR can encompass a wide variety of tactics, from giving away a portion of a company’s

The Impact of Teenage Pregnancy - 1987 Words

The Impact of Teen Pregnancy on Young Mothers Jennifer West Kaplan University CM220 Professor Vineski October 28, 2012 The reality TV series 16 and pregnant and Teen Mom are two great examples showing the†¦show more content†¦In some cases a young girl getting pregnant while still living at home and attending school may result in her getting thrown out of her home , which makes it even more complicated to attend classes. After having a child the mother is usually given six weeks for recovery and to spend time with the mother. The time missed by the student may result to failure of classes or getting behind. This is when most teens decide to not come back to school because they figure it is more of a hassle and simply do not know what to do. There are some high schools that have day cares located inside the school, but not all. It is a struggle for teens to put their child in day care, especially if they cannot find a job that will work around the school schedule and spending time with the baby. The government does provide assistance in child care but they do not pay for the whole thing. It was recently reported by CBS 2 News that Chicago’s South Side Paul Robenson High School has 115 girls who are pregnant out of 800 girls who attend the school (Roush, 2009). According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statistics, teen pregnancy is not just local problem and birth rates have been rising during the past few years after more than a decade of decline (Roush, 2009). Soo Ji Min, executive director of the Illinois Caucus for adolescent Health, an organization that advocates for policies to promote sexualShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Social Forces On Teenage Pregnancy918 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst confess to being swayed by peer pressure. I allowed the stares, whispers, and rude comments to affect how I viewed myself. Being the talk of the school, teachers and students alike, was humiliating, thus I accepted the views of society on teenage pregnancy and altered my goals. I no longer thought I deserved to be a part of the school. I made them uncomforta ble and this, in turn, made me uncomfortable and led to the decision to leave school. In May 1991, just prior to my class graduating, IRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : A Social Issue1551 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy rates have been declining in the United States, but when compared to pregnancy rates in other industrial countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom they are still relatively high. (Office of Adolescent Health, 2016). Teenage pregnancy is defined by UNICEF, as an adolescent between the ages of thirteen to nineteen becoming pregnant. (UNICEF Malaysia Communications). Teenage pregnancy is viewed as a social issue because of the way it affects a country’s economy, the mother andRead More Views on Teens Pregnancies Through the Years Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesThe Views on Teens Pregnancies Through the Years There are many different attributes to teenage pregnancy. The majority of teenagers do not realize the consequences of their actions. Taking that into consideration the influences of the teens are highly important during the pre teen stage all the way to adult hood. During the time of this impressionable stage many of the teens are having sex not because of love, but because it is a trend. The media is glamorizing teen pregnancy and leading to a culturalRead MoreThe Socio Economic Factors Of Teenage Pregnancy1517 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is normally identified as deprived life choice, for example, tasks of teenage parenting have long-term impact on the mental health of the mother and children (Statistics New Zealand, 2003). It is important to identify the socio economic factors of teenage pregnancy to lower the chances of mental health problems in young mothers. In this paper the aim is to analyse the main socio economic factors of teenage pregnancy and discuss how it affects the mental health of an adolescent motherRead MoreThe Factors Of Teenage Pregnancy1558 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is normally identified as a deprived life choice, for example, tasks of teenage parenting have long-term impact on the mental health of the mother and children (Statistics New Zealand, 2003). It is important to identify the socioeconomic factors of teenage pregnancy to lower the chances of mental health problems in young mothers. In this paper the aim is to analyse the main socioeconomic factors of teenage pregnancy and discuss how it affects the mental health of an adolescent motherRead MoreHealth Education Reduction Of Teenage Pregnancy1647 Words   |  7 PagesHEALTH EDUCATION REDUCTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (2010-2015) Introduction Teenage pregnancy (known as under-18 conception) negatively affects the health and wellbeing of both the young mothers and their children. Early parenthood is prone to the risk of postnatal depression, poor health (including mental health), social exclusion and by the age of thirty (30) there are more likely to live in poverty, have limited education, career and economic prospect. There is high risk ofRead MoreReality Shows : Helping Or Hurting Teenage Girls?1370 Words   |  6 PagesPrincess Leia Youmans English 122 Sather February 25, 2017 Reality Shows: Helping or Hurting Teenage Girls?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While teenage pregnancy has been on the rise in America since the 1950’s, researchers have been trying to look for an ideal solution that will help solve the problem by declining teenage birth rates. Perhaps there is a potential solution after all. What could this solution possibly be? Well, it might be as simple as the reality shows â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom† on the MTV networkRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1328 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage pregnancy has been famously depicted as a situation that involves the female adolescents. For one to be dubbed as a pregnant teenager, she ought to be at the early age of twelve years though in most scenarios it has been fourteen and older. In the developed as well as developing countries, the cause of the teenage pregnancy has been common with most of them being related to the specific situation of the teenager as well as the group that the teenager i nteracts with. However, the rate of theRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pages11/20/2017 Teen Pregnancy The fearless of all parents who have teenagers is pregnancy. Nowadays, teen pregnancy is a serious problem. Teenage have a lack of skills to handle a pregnancy. So that impact strongly on the future of a young woman. Teen pregnancy is associated with negative consequences for adolescents for three reasons: lack of education, medical complication, uncertainty about the future, and financial difficulties. First, the main causes of teenage pregnancy are the lack of educationRead MoreEssay on British Pregnancy and Condoms799 Words   |  4 Pages The number of pregnancies across England and Wales, conceptions compared with 896,466 in 2009. An increase of this group with the exception of women aged under twenty. The teenage pregnancy rate in England and Wales has reached its lowest level since 1969,men and women of these countries hold a similar opinion, â€Å" Family may also be valued more highly during to be out of work, they may have more time to spend on a child due to financial concerns cause by recession.† According to most of Britain

Waste to Energy free essay sample

Waste-to-energy Taking Care of Garbage Michelle Rowland Buena Vista University We all have to share this world with its limited resources. We must take advantage of all resources we have, regardless if they came from the earth, are man made, or are waste products. The average person in America throws away 3. 7 pounds of garbage every day (Resource Recovery Public Works, 2009). It is no surprise that this leads to landfills that are filling faster than we ever thought due to more people and the increasing throwaway economy. We are facing geological limits for landfills in many areas. Waste-to-energy is a productive method of relieving stresses on natural and man made resources. Waste-to-energy plants turn problems into energy solutions by reducing the amount of garbage and using the energy from the trash as a resource for energy. Running out of landfills Many areas are running out of landfills and the space to develop any landfill. For instance, New York was one of the first major cities to run out of landfill space. The landfill for the New York area was closed in March 2001, leaving New York to haul garbage to landfill sites in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. New Yorks arbage alone accounts for over 12,000 tons going to other landfills daily. In addition, Toronto, Canadas largest city closed its last landfill on December 31, 2002. Toronto is hauling their garbage to Michigan. The landfills of Athens, Greece reached capacity and closed at the end of 2006. The garbage of Athens is sitting in their streets as communities in Greece have been unwilling to take the Athens garbage. Athens is facing a garbage crisis. China is facing similar challenges. Some areas of China are letting the garbage sit on unoccupied areas where the landfills have closed (Brown, 2008). The increase of garbage in the streets will have damaging affects on the health and livelihoods of the citizens of the area. Garbage is garbage whether its in our own backyard or across the world. Consequently, reducing the amount of trash is beneficial for everyone and using waste-to-energy facilities will help landfills last longer. Garbage gas energy One method of using landfills as a resource for energy is to utilize the methane that is produced in landfills. We dont have a shortage of landfills or their gases; it makes sense to use the products that they produce. The methane can generate electricity in power plants. Brown (2008) stated that Atlanta, Georgia has invested in capturing methane and building a pipeline to a carpet factory, where they use the methane to supplement their energy source. The landfill and the factory both reduce greenhouse gases being a win-win for both of them. Jackson (2009) reported the landfill in Gaston County North Carolina and the countys public works departments the methane into electricity. The landfill has begun collecting the gases and will reduce the amount of methane that is flared out Oackson, 2009). By reducing the amount of methane being flared out they reduce the amount escaping into the tmosphere. The methane continues to be produced on a daily basis long after the cell reaches its capacity. Consequently, using methane energy is a clear advantage for the use of the harmful gas and should be utilized in as many landfills as possible. One disadvantage with methane energy is that does not reduce the amount of garbage going to landfills. This still causes landfills to become filled to capacity and discontinue the ability to accept garbage. The landfill would continue producing the methane for years, but not be able to provide the garbage service. Obviously other fforts to reduce the amount of garbage taken to landfills are required. Waste-to- energy Who would have ever thought garbage could be a miracle energy source? Yet today, garbage is a fuel that is renewable. Garbage is a source of energy that reduces the buildup of greenhouse gases. Garbage is being used at 89 plants in the United States and over 700 others throughout the world (Michaels, 2008). Lets take a closer look at this miracle fuel. Waste-to-energy is a process of creating energy in the form of electricity or heat from the incineration of garbage. The process has been endorsed by leading environmental scientists. The waste-to-energy facilities of the United States are required to meet the most stringent environmental standards in the world. The facilities are equipped with advanced emissions control equipment available. The US EPA concluded that the plants have dramatic decreases in air emissions, and produce electricity with less environmental impact than almost any other source of electricity. Americas Own Energy Source revealed the EPA has estimated that waste-to-energy avoids the release of 33 million metric tons of carbon dioxide yearly (Americas Own Energy Source). The technology to burn garbage with ower emissions than conventional fuels burned in most power plants is readily available today. The new waste-to-energy plants are reducing greenhouse gas emissions in three ways. One way is by producing electricity that would have been generated by a conventional power plant. Another way they reduce greenhouse gas is by disposing of solid waste that would have gone to a landfill, decomposed, and then generated methane, which is a powerful greenhouse gas. Waste-to-energy plants also recover metals for recycling, another factor at reducing the amount of garbage in addition to recycling resources. Waste Management was chosen as a founding member of the U. S. pilot program to promote the trading of greenhouse gas emission credits. These credits are earned by companies who limit or eliminate harmful carbon dioxide emissions. By Waste Managements donation of carbon credits to the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics, it was the first Olympics in modern history to have zero impact on the environment (Waste to Energy, 2009). However, this information is misleading as the Olympics did have carbon dioxide emissions.